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Atlas Research Compounds

Metabolic signaling

SS-31

A mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide indexed in the literature as elamipretide and MTP-131.

Evidence
Mixed translational
Literature
Preclinical and clinical mitochondrial literature
Family
Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide

Overview

SS-31 is studied as a mitochondria-targeted peptide in cardiolipin, oxidative-stress, and mitochondrial-dysfunction contexts. Atlas treats it as a research profile whose interpretation depends heavily on disease model, species, and study design.

Evidence maturity

Evidence score3/5

Developing clinical evidence

The score summarizes evidence maturity, not safety, effectiveness, or suitability for any use.

Mechanism summary

Investigated in mitochondrial membrane, cardiolipin, redox, and organ-specific mitochondrial dysfunction models.

Research category
Mitochondrial Research
Editorial status
Published

Evidence synthesis

Structured evidence summary

Human studies
2
Animal studies
1
In vitro records
2
Review records
3
Abstract extracted
0
Metadata verified
8

Evidence strength

Limited translational

Confidence

Low confidence

Major findings

  • The verified set includes SS-31 or elamipretide records in mitochondrial dysfunction, primary mitochondrial myopathy trial context, pulmonary fibrosis, neuroinflammation, and cardiolipin-adjacent research.
  • SS-31 provides a translational mitochondrial comparator to MOTS-C without implying the same mechanism or evidence maturity.

Major limitations

  • Disease-specific mitochondrial context and endpoint choice determine interpretation.
  • Most records need deeper extraction before Atlas can summarize endpoint-level results.

Counts are generated from verified PubMed records. Findings above are evidence-map observations, not clinical recommendations or inferred study outcomes. See the scoring methodology.

Scoring methodology

Evidence strength, quality, and confidence

Evidence strength

Compound-level strength is based on the verified study mix: human records, animal records, review or synthesis records, and extraction depth. It describes evidence maturity only.

Study quality

Study-level quality is not assessed for metadata-only records. Abstract-extracted records are rated from study design and extraction depth, not from unreviewed full-text claims.

Confidence

Confidence is capped when records remain metadata verified. Atlas does not raise confidence by counting citations without extracting endpoints, comparators, duration, and limitations.

Workflow states are `METADATA_VERIFIED`, `ABSTRACT_EXTRACTED`, `FULLTEXT_REVIEWED`, and `EDITORIAL_APPROVED`. Because full-text review is not available in this phase, no study is promoted to full-text or editorial-approved status.

Research timeline

Evidence stages describe maturity, not a chronological promise of development.

  1. Identity and target

    Documented

    The compound identity or proposed target is described in research literature.

  2. Preclinical research

    Documented

    Laboratory or animal research forms part of the evidence base.

  3. Human research

    Emerging

    Some human research exists, but scope or maturity remains limited.

  4. Independent synthesis

    Emerging

    Independent replication and synthesis remain important evidence gaps.

Open research questions

  1. 01Which findings depend on disease-specific mitochondrial dysfunction?
  2. 02How consistent are cardiolipin-related mechanisms across models?
  3. 03Which clinical endpoints are sufficiently powered and replicated?

Literature starting points

These links support further review; inclusion is not an endorsement of every indexed conclusion.

  1. 01

    SS-31 and elamipretide literature index

    PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine · Database

    Open source

Phase 2 study database

8 verified publications

Search all studies →
2025Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential.Grade B2025SS-31@Fer-1 Alleviates ferroptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes via mitochondrial targeting.Grade C2024Genotype-specific effects of elamipretide in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy: a post hoc analysis of the MMPOWER-3 trial.Grade A2023Elamipretide(SS-31) Attenuates Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting the Nrf2-Dependent NLRP3 Inflammasome in Macrophages.Grade C2023Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial.Grade A

Deep research cluster

Explore SS-31 by evidence question

MechanismMechanistic pathways reported in verified publications, separated from clinical inference.Human studiesVerified human publications, study designs, findings, and explicit limitations.Animal studiesPreclinical animal models and the boundaries on translating their results.Safety evidenceWhat the verified publication set can and cannot establish about safety.Research historyA publication timeline built only from verified study records.ComparisonsContextual links to related compounds and existing structured comparisons.

Related comparisons

MOTS-C vs. SS-31GHK-Cu vs. SS-31TA1 vs. SS-31SS-31 vs. NAD+SS-31 vs. GHK-CuSS-31 vs. TA1

Continue the research map

Related content

CompoundMOTS-CCompoundGHK-CuCompoundThymosin Alpha 1Verified studyElamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential.Verified studySS-31@Fer-1 Alleviates ferroptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes via mitochondrial targeting.Verified studyGenotype-specific effects of elamipretide in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy: a post hoc analysis of the MMPOWER-3 trial.ComparisonMOTS-C vs. SS-31ComparisonGHK-Cu vs. SS-31ComparisonTA1 vs. SS-31ComparisonSS-31 vs. NAD+ComparisonSS-31 vs. GHK-CuComparisonSS-31 vs. TA1Topic hubNeuroprotectionTopic hubMitochondrial HealthTopic hubHealthy AgingTopic hubPeptide Research