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Atlas Research Compounds

Thymosin Alpha 1: Safety evidence

What the verified publication set can and cannot establish about safety.

Safety evidence boundary

Atlas does not infer safety from absence of an adverse-event statement. The records below are included only when the verified publication set provides relevant human context or identifies material design limitations.

20 verified studies

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Grade ASystematic review and meta-analysis2025Indexed abstract extracted

Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis through immune regulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

A systematic review and meta-analysis of five randomized studies in severe acute pancreatitis.

Journal
Frontiers in Immunology
Evidence context
High-level synthesis or controlled evidence
Review study record →
Grade ASystematic review and meta-analysis2023Indexed abstract extracted

The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression

A synthesis of eight studies evaluating thymosin alpha-1 in moderate-to-critical COVID-19.

Journal
Inflammopharmacology
Evidence context
High-level synthesis or controlled evidence
Review study record →
Grade BHuman observational study2021Indexed abstract extracted

Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study

A five-hospital cohort study comparing 306 thymosin alpha-1 recipients with 1,976 non-recipients during early COVID-19 care.

Journal
Frontiers in Immunology
Evidence context
Human comparative or observational evidence
Review study record →
Grade BHuman observational study2021Indexed abstract extracted

Thymosin Alpha-1 Has no Beneficial Effect on Restoring CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocyte Counts in COVID-19 Patients

A retrospective study comparing lymphocyte trajectories and viral clearance in 275 hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Journal
Frontiers in Immunology
Evidence context
Human comparative or observational evidence
Review study record →
Grade CIn vitro study2021Indexed abstract extracted

Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients

An ex vivo analysis of inflammatory signaling in blood cells from people with COVID-19, including CD8-positive T-cell responses.

Journal
Open Forum Infectious Diseases
Evidence context
Preclinical or narrative synthesis
Review study record →
Grade ASystematic review and meta-analysis2020Indexed abstract extracted

The clinical efficacy and adverse effects of Entecavir plus Thymosin alpha-1 combination therapy versus Entecavir Monotherapy in HBV-related cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

A systematic review and meta-analysis of seven randomized studies comparing entecavir plus thymosin alpha-1 with entecavir alone.

Journal
BMC Gastroenterology
Evidence context
High-level synthesis or controlled evidence
Review study record →
Grade DReview2001PubMed metadata verified

Thymosin alpha-1.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Thymosin alpha-1.

Journal
American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
Evidence context
Metadata-only, mechanistic, or limited evidence
Review study record →
Grade DReview2025PubMed metadata verified

Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.

Journal
International journal of molecular sciences
Evidence context
Metadata-only, mechanistic, or limited evidence
Review study record →
Grade AHuman randomized trial2023PubMed metadata verified

A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.

Journal
The Journal of infectious diseases
Evidence context
High-level synthesis or controlled evidence
Review study record →
Grade DReview2015PubMed metadata verified

Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.

Journal
Expert opinion on biological therapy
Evidence context
Metadata-only, mechanistic, or limited evidence
Review study record →
Grade AHuman randomized trial2025PubMed metadata verified

The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

Journal
BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
Evidence context
High-level synthesis or controlled evidence
Review study record →
Grade BReview2017PubMed metadata verified

Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives.

Journal
Future microbiology
Evidence context
Human comparative or observational evidence
Review study record →
Grade BHuman observational study2018PubMed metadata verified

Thymosin alpha 1 treatment for patients with sepsis.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Thymosin alpha 1 treatment for patients with sepsis.

Journal
Expert opinion on biological therapy
Evidence context
Human comparative or observational evidence
Review study record →
Grade BHuman observational study2018PubMed metadata verified

Serum thymosin alpha 1 levels in normal and pathological conditions.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Serum thymosin alpha 1 levels in normal and pathological conditions.

Journal
Expert opinion on biological therapy
Evidence context
Human comparative or observational evidence
Review study record →
Grade BReview2023PubMed metadata verified

Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.

Journal
International immunopharmacology
Evidence context
Human comparative or observational evidence
Review study record →
Grade BHuman observational study2004PubMed metadata verified

Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Journal
Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology
Evidence context
Human comparative or observational evidence
Review study record →
Grade DReview2016PubMed metadata verified

Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment.

Journal
Vitamins and hormones
Evidence context
Metadata-only, mechanistic, or limited evidence
Review study record →
Grade CIn vitro study2022PubMed metadata verified

Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.

Journal
Cancer research
Evidence context
Preclinical or narrative synthesis
Review study record →
Grade BReview2015PubMed metadata verified

Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases.

Journal
Expert opinion on biological therapy
Evidence context
Human comparative or observational evidence
Review study record →
Grade BReview1994PubMed metadata verified

Clinical applications of thymosin alpha-1.

Verified PubMed record for Thymosin Alpha 1: Clinical applications of thymosin alpha-1.

Journal
Cancer investigation
Evidence context
Human comparative or observational evidence
Review study record →

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